Voluntary exchange can, alone, create value because both parties can benefit. Keeping resources and people the same, the simple act of moving resources between people can increase value - it is magic. Here are some examples: - Alan received two copies of God of War for Christmas, and Burton received two copies of Horizon. By trading one copy of each, they are both far happier. - Jeb has an offer for a free subscription to The Spectator but is a far leftist. George was gifted a subscription to The Guardian, but he leans more libertarian. They’ve created value if they get over their differences and exchange subscriptions. - Pat has a lot of love to give and needs some of her own. Terry is in the same situation. We’ve increased the pool of happiness with a brief introduction and a subsequent exchange of devotion.