Gary Taubes’ refuted carbohydrate-insulin model asserts that the body enters a state of starvation after eating carbs, decreasing energy expenditure. It does this because the insulin secreted after a meal shuttles the sugar into glycogen stores which fill, and the rest is converted into fatty acids and stored as fat tissue. With no glycogen available in the blood, the body believes there is an energy shortage and down-regulates other metabolic activities. Numerous studies have proven that high-carb and low-carb diets are equally effective when matching calories. The mechanisms also make no sense given our evolution primarily as herbivores and always as a species that largely consumed carbohydrates as the primary source of calories.